In social sciences, a crosscutting cleavage exists when groups on one cleavage overlap among groups on another cleavage. For example, if a racialized minority is nonetheless proportionately represented in all economic class levels. Entitlement programs can be broken into noncontributory and contributory programs. A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. Faction a term the founders used to refer to political parties and special interests or interest groups. The answers are from the text which relies heavily upon current political studies and ideas. I will keep all resources available and you are welcome to use anything you find.
Crosscutting in finance is a new way to allocate budgets, especially in the government. American political ideologies and beliefs american political beliefs are shaped by founding ideals, core values, and the changing demographics of the citizenry. Cleavages may include racial, political, religious divisions in society. Teaching and learning comparative government and politics is a complex and demanding task. A crosscutting cleavage the textbook descriptions of cleavages in nigeria usually outline geographic, ethnic, and religious cleavages as coinciding reinforcing. Merit system cooperative federalism reinforcing cleavages regressive tax 44. Africanamerican loyalty to the democratic party has rarely been called into question since the early 20th century. Crosscutting cleavages blog ap us government and politics. Specific times and dates will be provided in class. Political conflict becomes more intense and society becomes more polarized when reinforcing cleavages occur crosscutting cleavages. Vocabulary words for chapter 5 of the 21st edition of the government by the people textbook. Pdf how crosscutting discussion shapes support for.
This comprehensive study guide is a perfect item for high school students enrolled in ap government and politics. Ap government frqs generally ask students to integrate knowledge and respond to questions from the different content areas. The measurement of crosscutting cleavages and other. Pluralism a theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group. Get an answer for discuss how the factors accounting for the formation of political attitudes also contribute to the cleavages that have developed in public opinion. Political scientists believe crosscutting cleavages are a method to reduce conflict in society.
If all of the rich were of religion and all of the poor of another, then the differences will strengthen each other, thus being a reinforcing cleavage. Pdf it is widely believed that ethnic politics and conflict are less pronounced in countries with crosscutting rather than reinforcing social. In part b the response earned 1 point for the identification of transparency in the government as a. The claim that crosscutting cleavages have beneficial political consequences may. Ap comparative study guide by ethel wood garfield high. Thus factors form crosscutting cleavages, making it very important to control for other factors that may produce a counter influence. A notion held by nineteenthcentury americans that the united states was destined to rule the continent, from the atlantic to the pacific.
For example, in order to compare gender differences in voting rates, a researcher would have to compare men and women of similar. In political science, cleavage theory developed in the 1960s is the idea of a division of voters into voting blocs the preliminary assumption is that voters do not come in predefined groups of pros and cons for or against a certain subject. Monster vocab list ap comparative government and politics with parsons at mead senior high school studyblue flashcards. If cleavages overlap with each other, this can heighten the conflict and be more divisive. Crosscutting cleavages factors of ones identity pull them in opposite directions a. You are required to complete a 10page research paper during the first 9 weeks of ap government. At the beginning of the lesson, we talked about how different countries have different political cultures. As of 2008, voting demographics for africanamericans suggest an overwhelming propensity to cast ballots in favor of democratic candidates in presidential elections, young 2008. Crosscutting cleavage is a political term that refers to factors in society which cause division such as race, political, religious divisions etc in such a way that no group created by one cleavage is wholly contained within a group created by another hence crosscutting. The listings are arranged in alphabetical order by the authors last name. If cleavages overlap with each other, this can heighten the conflict and be more divisive the disagreements produced by one division e. Safe seat elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the success of the partys candidate is almost taken for granted. Anything we have covered in class, is on the edmodo, or is. The interest and awareness of various castes in politics may be studied in terms.
The beliefs about government, politics, and the individuals role in the political system influence the creation of ideological trends that span decades impacting public policies. What has made it difficult for national political movements to emerge. Lieberman attributes the higher revenue per formance of south africa to the superior ability of. Ap comparative government and politics scoring guidelines.
Government department comes up with a policy idea, consults other departments, interest groups, etc 2. Describe, in detail, the government of the first republic in 1960. Who has more power in the british government, the queen or the prime minister. What is an example of crosscutting cleavages in any country. Ap gov constitutional foundations and federalism vocab 38 terms. Crosscutting cleavages ap us government and politics. Divisions within society that reinforce one another, making groups more homogeneous or similar. Electoral college electoral system used in electing the president and vice president, in which voters vote for electors pledged to cast their ballots for particular partys candidates. Cleavages can be reinforcing cumulative or crosscutting. Crosscutting cleavages and government spending caltech. Their high stakes in political competition may reduce their tolerance for other opinions and the uncertainty of political. Nope, sorry, if you were expecting my oftpromised and longawaited impacts of scarlett johansson on electoral politics. Country regime change since 1990 government change since 2010 china hu jintao. I prefer the concept of cleavage, crosscutting cleavage to be exact.
How governing status affects the impact of policy positions. Government and politics chapter 5 vocabulary notecards. This cyber place is somewhere to facilitate helpful interactions. Crosscutting cleavages and political conflicts iast. Welfare programs such as snap food stamps or pell grants are an example of this kind of entitlement. Key vocabulary political efficacy and political socialization cross cutting and reinforcing cleavages. Study 68 monster vocab list flashcards from kaley b. Funding and services are based on an area, not by agency.
Gender and political gender and political cleavages can often lead to positive change, as shown by the graph below. In this article, the authors bring together research on horizontal inequality, geographic dispersion of ethnic groups and crosscutting cleavages to present a more holistic theory of ethnic structure and civil war onset. Divisions within society that reinforce one another making groups more homogenous or similar. Peasants landowners have more of a say and fit into society over peasants peasants fight over.
Serbs in croatia preferred a state of their own to life under a croatdominated government, as did tamils in sri lanka, whites in south africa, and kurds in iraq, to cite only a the many examples of. Social cleavages coinciding cleavages occurs when every dispute aligns the same groups against each other crosscutting cleavages divide society into many potential groups that may conflict on one issue but cooperate on another. Crosscutting cleavages are divisions that cut across demographic categories to produce differing groups. Realism soft money petit jury state of the union address 45. Cross cutting requirements are those that are required by.
Reinforcing and crosscutting cleavages societal cleavages e. American journal of political science, 562, 433446. Is the us more divided by crosscutting or reinforcing. For the best answers, search on this site reinforcing 2 cleavages are reinforcing to the degree that they divide society into the same 2 groups of people cross cutting divisions of society do not coincide ie being an minority and being poor may be reinforcing cleavages. What happened in 1966 to end nigerias first experiment with parliamentary democracy. The authors argue that rebel leaders are thwarted in their mobilization efforts in highly crosscutting societies due.
In terms of regional cleavage, parliament recently responded to the scots. The presidents annual statement to congress and the nation. In their 1972 book, rabushka and shepsle argue that a necessary condition. Horizontal inequality, crosscutting cleavages, and civil. For example, american political culture can be defined according to some basic and commonly shared beliefs, such as our commitment to democracy, equality, free enterprise, and individualism. It is a system of shared power between units of government.
They require a discussion of examples, the evaluation of general principles of u. Name three differences between elections in the us and elections in europe. Divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or different if both the rich and poor people in all religions vote sometimes on the basis of their religion and sometimes on the basis of their wealth, the divisions would be crosscutting. Research time will be allocated from the normally scheduled ap government classes to allow you to conduct research in the schools library. For example, if a nation was divided by crosscutting cleavages then some people of a certain ethnic group might be rich while other people of the same ethnic group might be poor.
What is the main difference between crosscutting and reinforcing cleavages. National endowment for democracy recommended for you. Crosscutting cleavage divisions in society that cut across demographic divisions thereby reducing the effect of the differences e. Divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or different. Almost everything you need to know for the ap government. Social and economic cleavages often divide society and can have both positive and negative political consequences. Ballot analysis assumes that voters opt for a certain party or decide for the solution or option that comes closest to their own position. The opposite of crosscutting cleavages is reinforcing cleavages. One point is earned for a description of an example of a change in government in the ap comparative and politics core countries since 2010. Government by the people 22nd edition learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Political cleavages are national, ethnic, linguistic, and religious divisions that affect political allegiances and policies. Government association to establish an agreement on the rights and responsibilities of the local government and central government. Grades 9 12 government test prep teachers pay teachers. Queens speech objectives of government for the year.
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